Handhållen värmekikare
Moderatorer: Ulrik, Stefan.K, mecke
- klasolof
- Inlägg: 341
- Blev medlem: 27 maj 2008, 11:32
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Guide track ir 50 pro säljs under namnet Nightlux JSA IR-650 och tillverkas enl obekräftad uppgift endast för JSA/Nightlux
https://www.handladigitalt.se/produkt/n ... armekamera
https://dualoptik.de/produkt/jsa-nightlux-ir-650-vox/
Förstoringen är dock i högsta laget för åteljakt.
https://www.handladigitalt.se/produkt/n ... armekamera
https://dualoptik.de/produkt/jsa-nightlux-ir-650-vox/
Förstoringen är dock i högsta laget för åteljakt.
- Canta
- Inlägg: 9968
- Blev medlem: 07 sep 2008, 14:07
- Ort: Uppland
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Det där var intressant. Då har iaf Guide den i tillverkning men åt nån annan. Egentligen är priset rätt ok för vad man får o förstoringen också ok iaf på slätten. För åtel på gränsen men lär gå. Borde vara en köpvärd sak med bättre prestanda än Zeiss o samma som hos Leica men med trevligare pris.
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paramedic77
- Inlägg: 3012
- Blev medlem: 19 okt 2011, 01:28
- Ort: Kristianstad
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Jag tycker nog att du läsa på lite kring värmeoptik. Du kan inte dra paralleller genremot vanlig optik med linsstorlek mm. Det är otroligt mycket som påverkas av linsen och dess konstruktion i en värmekikare. Förutom diametern så är även kurvaturen på linsen viktig för synfält mm, men det är också beroende på sensorns storlek som sitter bakom linsen. Detta styr även detection range mm. Jag undrar på vilka grunder du baserar ditt uttalande om att "35mm är det man ska ha..."? Linsen är det som samlar in informationen till sensorn och större yta ger mer info.Canta skrev: ↑21 mar 2021, 09:48 Vid all jämförelse ska man undivka 'äpplen vs päron'. Guide 35 mm ska jämföras med en 35 mm av annat märke. Jämför man en t.ex.en Guide 25 mm med annat märke på 35 mm då får man skillnader. 35 mm är, för mig iaf, det man ska ha oberoende av märke..
En Guide TrackIR 35 upptäcker en människa på 1400 m o inte 1000 m... om man nu tycker det väger in för det är ju grisen det gäller.
Kundkontakten hos Guide i Kina sa f.ö. att mer än 70 % av de TrackIR de gjorde/sålde var av 35 mm modellen.
Hur som, en värmespotter ska vara jägarvänlig o inte bara en sån där kul utegrej. Knappar ska vara ljudlösa o grundförstoringen låg så man får brett synfält. Om skärmar kan diskuteras. Har aldrig ens tänkt på den delen. Guide gör jobbet. Kollat i Pulsars o ser ingen stor skillnad, rent praktiskt.
Ingen termisk kikare ger detaljbilder på lite håll. Termiskt funkar inte så. Termiskt upptäcker värmeutstrålning på långt håll men ger mest identifikation. Ska man räkna spenar, typ, då är digital ljusförstärkare med IR oslagbar iaf om kikarsiktet är av klass.
Linsen är för övrigt den enskilt dyraste delen i värmeoptik.
Kvaliteten på sensorn är av stor betydelse för vad den klarar av att hantera. Under perfekta förhållande så fixar de flesta värmeenheterna idag att ge en duglig bild. Men när det regnar småspik eller är dimmigt så kan du sitta och glo i en tallrik mjölk lika gärna för kina-sensorerna som många märken använder, kommer inte fixa det. De mer påkostade kikarna med t ex 40mk, eller ännu bättre 25mk och inte minst BAE-sensorn i Krypton, kommer leverera en ok bild även i de mer extrema väderförhållanden.
Sen att din Guide detekterar en 1.8m hög människa på 1400m... tja, det ger ju en bra hint om kvaliteten när konkurrenterna gör samma sak på 2300m och vissa ännu längre ut än så.
Du får gärna köra med Guide eller vad du vill. Men du ska nog läsa på lite om tekniken bakom termisk optik.
Tikka T3X CTR 308w, Athlon Ares ETR 1-10x24 UHD, Pulsar Thermion 2 XP50
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
- klasolof
- Inlägg: 341
- Blev medlem: 27 maj 2008, 11:32
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Tråkigt med de som är ambassadörer för den produkt de säljer och förstör tråden.
Vore roligt med mer objektivitet.
Finns faktiskt andra produkter än Pulsar som fungerar alldeles utmärkt!
Vore roligt med mer objektivitet.
Finns faktiskt andra produkter än Pulsar som fungerar alldeles utmärkt!
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paramedic77
- Inlägg: 3012
- Blev medlem: 19 okt 2011, 01:28
- Ort: Kristianstad
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Vänta nu lite... syftar du på mig? Jag är INTE ambassadör för något märke. Däremot hänvisar jag gärna till pulsars produkter då de har hela spannet. Men jag har har erfarenhet av andra märken också i varierande prisklass/ kvalitet såsom Guide, night pearl och atn.
Men nu handlade inte mitt inlägg om ett specifikt märke mer än att det användes som exempel.
Det jag ville komma åt, var Cantas argument om vilken kikare man skulle ha och ffa varför då argumenten inte är underbyggda med fakta.
Men nu handlade inte mitt inlägg om ett specifikt märke mer än att det användes som exempel.
Det jag ville komma åt, var Cantas argument om vilken kikare man skulle ha och ffa varför då argumenten inte är underbyggda med fakta.
Tikka T3X CTR 308w, Athlon Ares ETR 1-10x24 UHD, Pulsar Thermion 2 XP50
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
- pininhakan
- Inlägg: 5383
- Blev medlem: 07 maj 2008, 05:40
- Ort: västmanland.
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
En sak är då säker....skaffar man en termisk kikare vill man jaga hare. Helvete vad hare det finns. I mörkret... Inte på dagen.
Skjut- det kan ta bättre än man tror!
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Sjöfaran
- Inlägg: 60
- Blev medlem: 27 jun 2016, 15:28
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
De blir till att skaffa stövarepininhakan skrev: ↑21 mar 2021, 22:55 En sak är då säker....skaffar man en termisk kikare vill man jaga hare. Helvete vad hare det finns. I mörkret... Inte på dagen.
- Canta
- Inlägg: 9968
- Blev medlem: 07 sep 2008, 14:07
- Ort: Uppland
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Ok, tänker inte bemöta Paramedic med mer än att enl Guide själva (o dom är bra stora på sånt här) står 35 mm kikarna för över 70 % av deras försäljning. Visst, världen kan ha fel men för merparten verkar tycka att 35 mm är lagom.
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AA!
- Inlägg: 83
- Blev medlem: 28 sep 2018, 13:15
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Haha!pininhakan skrev:En sak är då säker....skaffar man en termisk kikare vill man jaga hare. Helvete vad hare det finns. I mörkret... Inte på dagen.
Har tänkt exakt detsamma!
Sent from my Pixel 3a using Tapatalk
Förr eller senare dör jag. Det är så jävla orättvist.
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paramedic77
- Inlägg: 3012
- Blev medlem: 19 okt 2011, 01:28
- Ort: Kristianstad
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
35mm är lagom... men det du inte verkar förstå, och som jag försöker berätta för dig, är att det handlar om BETYDLIGT mer än diametern på linsen. Guide, likt många andra märken använder kinesiska, "svaga" sensorer som förvisso kan ge en duglig bild under bra förhållanden, men sviktar så fort vädret ställer krav.
Precis som en del andra märken så använder de LCOS-skärmar i sina kikare och det är ännu ett handikapp.
Du behöver inte bemöta mig, men ska du hålla på att ge råd om vad som är bra så se till att läsa på för du har inte riktigt koll på detta
Precis som en del andra märken så använder de LCOS-skärmar i sina kikare och det är ännu ett handikapp.
Du behöver inte bemöta mig, men ska du hålla på att ge råd om vad som är bra så se till att läsa på för du har inte riktigt koll på detta
Tikka T3X CTR 308w, Athlon Ares ETR 1-10x24 UHD, Pulsar Thermion 2 XP50
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
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Night Vision Viking
- Inlägg: 675
- Blev medlem: 11 maj 2020, 11:48
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Man blir ju bara irriterad på dom.pininhakan skrev: ↑21 mar 2021, 22:55 En sak är då säker....skaffar man en termisk kikare vill man jaga hare. Helvete vad hare det finns. I mörkret... Inte på dagen.
- Canta
- Inlägg: 9968
- Blev medlem: 07 sep 2008, 14:07
- Ort: Uppland
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Ang handhållen termisk ..
Man kan se saken så här också. Vad ska jag ha den till ..jo, upptäcka grisar för att göra sig skottberedd. Finns såklart hela spannet av prylar från 10 000 till 200 000 kr. För runt 20 000 kr får man grejer som gör jobbet bra. Vill man ha grädde på moset då måste man hosta upp.
Jakten på grisen sker på 1. åtel 2. på fälten från fasta punkter 3. på fälten med rörlig jakt
Inget annat än grisen får skjutas efter 1 tim eft solnedgång. Gris är ett relativt stort djur o ger i många fall mer värmeprofil än en människa med utekläder. Man lär sig snabbt djurets motorik. Skott tas inte gärna över 100 m i mörker. Med termiskt sikte finns vissa begränsningar var/när man får släppa iväg skott.
Till åteljakt funkar egentligen alla, även enkla, värmekikare o har själv under åren skjutit en stor mängd gris med hjälp av den enkla, lilla Leupold Tracker.
Vid fasta punkter ute vid åkrarna dvs skjuttorn då är spaning på åkern framför det man vill åt. Kravet på värmekikaren är då att den hittar inom 300 m o är lätt i handen.
Vid rörlig jakt då lite större krav. Man vill se på 500 m o utåt för att sen närma sig. Tycker att alla värmekikare man testat (Pulsar, Guide, Zeiss) fixar detta.
Personligen går jag inte ut om inte grisar går ut. Snöfall, spikregn, dimma är ointressant för grisjakt så då en annan dag. Man behöver alltså ingen värsting som fixar dimma ut till 100 m för inga grisar ute.
Vad gäller enskilda märken är det egentligen ingen större praktisk skillnad. Pulsar Axion XQ 38 som man haft för test ett tag är ungefär som Guide TrackiR.
Nästan alla tillverkare kör hårt med 35 + - mm lins. Mäter lite olika (brännvidd/yttermått) men 35 mm - klassen är populär.
Tycker man ska bortse från nationalitet i det här. Folk säger att Zeiss är så bra men deras värmekikare görs helt ut i KIna o inte i Tyskland. Pulsar har stor tillverkning av sina prylar i Belarus.
Således: för runt 20 000 får man en värmekikare som gör jobbet dvs man får bra svar på frågan *vad får jag för pengarna'
Vill man upp i prestanda då finns prylar så det räcker men inte prio som första pryl. Mörkerjakt är svårt i sig o ett par år med nötande gör att man nog vill upp i PRO klassen men då kostar intresset på ..
Så var nu detta sagt o nu väntar man på mothugg
Man kan se saken så här också. Vad ska jag ha den till ..jo, upptäcka grisar för att göra sig skottberedd. Finns såklart hela spannet av prylar från 10 000 till 200 000 kr. För runt 20 000 kr får man grejer som gör jobbet bra. Vill man ha grädde på moset då måste man hosta upp.
Jakten på grisen sker på 1. åtel 2. på fälten från fasta punkter 3. på fälten med rörlig jakt
Inget annat än grisen får skjutas efter 1 tim eft solnedgång. Gris är ett relativt stort djur o ger i många fall mer värmeprofil än en människa med utekläder. Man lär sig snabbt djurets motorik. Skott tas inte gärna över 100 m i mörker. Med termiskt sikte finns vissa begränsningar var/när man får släppa iväg skott.
Till åteljakt funkar egentligen alla, även enkla, värmekikare o har själv under åren skjutit en stor mängd gris med hjälp av den enkla, lilla Leupold Tracker.
Vid fasta punkter ute vid åkrarna dvs skjuttorn då är spaning på åkern framför det man vill åt. Kravet på värmekikaren är då att den hittar inom 300 m o är lätt i handen.
Vid rörlig jakt då lite större krav. Man vill se på 500 m o utåt för att sen närma sig. Tycker att alla värmekikare man testat (Pulsar, Guide, Zeiss) fixar detta.
Personligen går jag inte ut om inte grisar går ut. Snöfall, spikregn, dimma är ointressant för grisjakt så då en annan dag. Man behöver alltså ingen värsting som fixar dimma ut till 100 m för inga grisar ute.
Vad gäller enskilda märken är det egentligen ingen större praktisk skillnad. Pulsar Axion XQ 38 som man haft för test ett tag är ungefär som Guide TrackiR.
Nästan alla tillverkare kör hårt med 35 + - mm lins. Mäter lite olika (brännvidd/yttermått) men 35 mm - klassen är populär.
Tycker man ska bortse från nationalitet i det här. Folk säger att Zeiss är så bra men deras värmekikare görs helt ut i KIna o inte i Tyskland. Pulsar har stor tillverkning av sina prylar i Belarus.
Således: för runt 20 000 får man en värmekikare som gör jobbet dvs man får bra svar på frågan *vad får jag för pengarna'
Vill man upp i prestanda då finns prylar så det räcker men inte prio som första pryl. Mörkerjakt är svårt i sig o ett par år med nötande gör att man nog vill upp i PRO klassen men då kostar intresset på ..
Så var nu detta sagt o nu väntar man på mothugg
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Night Vision Viking
- Inlägg: 675
- Blev medlem: 11 maj 2020, 11:48
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Testade en mängd termiska igår, främst handkikare men också frontmonterade.
Zeiss, flera Pulsar XQ38 och Helion 2s och Leicorna.
Man kan väl säga att tillverkare X säger 1x förstoring och en annan 3.5x så kan den med 3.5x ha större FOV...i alla fall om man går på det som står i skärmen.
Trots samma storlek på linsen.
Detta gällde Zeiss DTI (2.5x) vs Pulsar XQ38 (3.5x). Det var rätt stor fördel till Pulsaren i bild, och inte bara mina ögon som tyckte så. Och FOV var större i Pulsaren.
Jag antar att de mäter på olika sätt, utifrån den optiska originalförstoringen?
Någon som vet hur de tänker?
Zeiss, flera Pulsar XQ38 och Helion 2s och Leicorna.
Man kan väl säga att tillverkare X säger 1x förstoring och en annan 3.5x så kan den med 3.5x ha större FOV...i alla fall om man går på det som står i skärmen.
Detta gällde Zeiss DTI (2.5x) vs Pulsar XQ38 (3.5x). Det var rätt stor fördel till Pulsaren i bild, och inte bara mina ögon som tyckte så. Och FOV var större i Pulsaren.
Jag antar att de mäter på olika sätt, utifrån den optiska originalförstoringen?
Någon som vet hur de tänker?
- YoYo
- Inlägg: 425
- Blev medlem: 03 maj 2015, 21:07
- Ort: Västkusten
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Saxat denna info från ett forum i England. Det Bruce inte vet om ir, termiskt och tillbehör därtill är inte värt att veta. Han och hans vapendragare gör även en hel del tester och jämförelser. De är helt oberoende och säljer inte NV grejer själva.
"Thermal imagers - What do the numbers mean?
Post 25 Oct 2020, 22:10
WARNING - THIS IS LONG POST!!!!
This post will contain too much information for some and not enough for others.
If you feel there are aspects of thermal imagers not included here that prospective buyers should consider, then, by all means post your thoughts in this thread
THERMAL IMAGERS
WHAT DO ALL THE NUMBERS MEAN AND HOW DO I CHOOSE WHAT’S BEST FOR ME ?
Introduction
Thermal imagers are becoming increasingly popular as more models appear on the market and prices fall (too slowly!!).
By comparison with Night Vision (NV) equipment, thermal imagers are still very expensive, and unless the prospective buyer has some understanding of what the important technical parameters of a thermal imager are and what they mean, then a device can be purchased which is entirely unsuitable for the required task(s).
In this post I’ll concentrate on thermal imagers used for hunting/shooting/wildlife observation and describe them simply as “hunting” thermals
How a thermal imager works
In a digital camera or digital NV device, a lens focuses light onto a sensor which converts the light to an electrical signal which, after suitable processing drives a display (essentially a very small TV screen) which has another lens in front of it to magnify the image from the display up to a size which is comfortable for viewing with our eyes.
A thermal imager works in exactly the same way but, rather than light, it’s heat (thermal radiation) which is converted into an electrical signal by the sensor
The main parts of a thermal imager
The following parts are common to all hunting thermal imagers.
a. Objective lens – This is the lens at the front of the imager and focuses thermal radiation onto the sensor.
Glass used in lenses for cameras, NV equipment etc does NOT pass the thermal radiation we are looking for.
Instead, lenses are normally made from germanium.
Germanium is very expensive in its raw state and the processes needed to make it into a lens are also expensive.
The objective lens is often the single most expensive component in a thermal imager and is a major reason why thermal imagers are so much more expensive than NV devices which can use glass lenses and why thermals with larger lenses are significantly more expensive than models which are identical except that they have smaller lenses
b. Thermal sensor – this is the electronic device which converts the incoming thermal radiation into electrical signals.
It operates on entirely different principles from the sensors used in digital cameras and digital NV equipment, but in simple terms a thermal sensor is a large number of very small thermometers formed into an array.
The technical name for the sensor is a “microbolometer” and since the sensor is working at ambient temperature, it is often more correctly called an “uncooled microbolometer”
Those very small thermometers are usually called pixels and it’s the size of each pixel and the number of pixels which are frequently quoted in thermal imager specifications.
Compared to the visible light sensors used in digital cameras and digital NV equipment, thermal sensors have much larger pixels, many fewer pixels, and are much more expensive.
Their price, along with the cost of the objective lens is what makes thermal imagers so much more expensive than digital NV equipment
c. Electronics – the electronics control the sensor, processes the signals it produces and provides a signal to drive the display.
The processing electronics is where different reticle styles are created and added to the signal that goes to the display.
Different manufacturers have different types of signal processing and can make claims that their signal processing produces a better final image than others
d. Display – Often called a “near eye display”, this is essentially a miniature TV screen which displays what the sensor “sees” plus information added by the electronics.
The display is made up of individual picture elements known as pixels.
The number of pixels in the display is often quoted in a thermal imager specification.
e. Ocular lens assembly – this is the lens or lenses used to magnify the image on the near eye display up to a size which is comfortable for viewing with our eyes.
This assembly usually incorporates dioptre adjustment to allow people with different eyesight to get a focussed image of the display
Now that we have some understanding of how a thermal imager works and its main parts, let’s look at some of the terminology frequently seen in the technical specification produced by thermal manufacturers.
Most of the terms in bold italic below have been taken from the Pulsar XM30S specification
Sensor 320x240 pix @12µm
This says that the thermal sensor is an array of 320 pixels in the horizontal direction and 240 pixels in the vertical direction making 76800 pixels in total and that each pixel is a square with sides of length 12 micron (0.012mm)
The sensor is sometimes referred to as a “focal plane array” since it is positioned close to the focal plane of the objective lens.
At the present time, 12 micron and 17 micron are the two pixel sizes commonly found in hunting thermal sensors.
12 micron is the most recent introduction and will become the standard size in the next 2-3 years.
At present, 17 micron sensors are more common, better developed, and can still provide higher sensitivity and potentially more detailed images.
12 micron sensors allow the use of smaller, cheaper lenses to get the same magnification and field of view as that produced by 17 micron sensors using larger, more expensive lenses or, conversely can provide more magnification when used with the same size lens as a 17 micron sensor with the same number of pixels
At present, sensors useful for our purposes come in the following common pixel counts – sometimes referred to (incorrectly) as resolutions: 320x240, 384x288, 640x480 and 640x512. Combining that with the 2 common pixels sizes of 12 and 17 microns means there are several combinations of pixel size and resolution possible.
At present, the three most common combinations are 17 micron 384x288, 17 micron 640x480 and 12 micron 320x240. 12 micron 640x512 is starting to appear in the UK and the arrival of 12 micron 640x480 is imminent
Lower resolutions such as 160x120 or 80x60 are generally a poor choice for hunting thermals
Other relevant sensor parameters:
Sensor material – This will be amorphous silicon (sometimes called alpha Si) or Vanadium Oxide (VOx), but in performance terms there is little noticeable difference
Frame Rate – typically 50Hz – this is a measure of how often an image is produced by the sensor.
Anything over 25Hz will give a smooth video image and higher rates will reduce blurring as the imager is scanned across a scene.
Some cheap thermal imagers and some imported from the USA have their frame rates limited to 9Hz.
These produce an acceptable image when stationary, but blur badly whenever the thermal is moved.
NETD – this stands for Nett Equivalent Temperature Difference and is basically a measurement of sensitivity.
Lower numbers mean the imager can detect smaller differences in temperature and, in theory, produce more detailed images of a target.
The numbers are normally given in mK (milliKelvin) where one mK is 0.001 degree centigrade.
Typical values are in the range 35-50mK with lower being better, but the overall sensitivity of a thermal is actually the NETD value multiplied by the f number of the lens
So, a 35mK sensor with an f1.2 lens will have an overall NETD of 42mK, while a 40mK sensor with an f1.0 lens will have an overall NETD of 40mK. NETD is not something to get worked up about!
Non Uniformity correction (NUC) –This is thermal imagings dirty secret so is rarely mentioned in manufacturer technical specifications
Every thermal sensor suffers from non uniformity.
By this we mean that if 2 or more pixels are exposed to the same amount of thermal radiation they will not produce the same electrical signal. Every thermal has to deal with this problem and there are two common solutions.
The first is called “calibration” and is used by Pulsar and several other manufacturers.
In this method a thin metal shutter moves across the front of the sensor, blocking thermal radiation and presenting the sensor with a uniform source of heat.
While the sensor is blocked, the electronics adjusts the signal from each pixel to make them all the same.
This process produces an audible “click” as the shutter moves in front of the sensor and takes a couple of seconds.
While it is happening the image on the display is frozen.
Thermals which use the calibration method of NUC normally provide the user with the option to set the calibration to automatic (where the electronics decides when to calibrate), semi- automatic where the user decides when to calibrate and initiates the process by pressing a button, and manual where, in addition to the shutter moving in front of the sensor, the lens covers is manually closed and then the semi automatic button is pressed.
In the time between calibrations, non uniformity increases and the image slowly degrades.
The time between calibrations is affected by things like ambient temperature, and the range of temperatures seen by the sensor.
Bigger temperature changes and more frequent temperature changes result in more frequent calibration
The other method for dealing with NUC is known as “shutterless” and, as the name suggests, there is no moving shutter and no freezing of the image.
Shutterless NUC is firmware based and happens continuously.
A fair comparison of the two methods would be that, immediately after calibration, the image is better than shutterless, but as the image degrades, the shutterless image becomes the better of the two
Objective lens F30/1.2
This says that the objective lens has a focal length of 30mm and a relative aperture of f1.2
This means the lens will bring the thermal radiation entering the lens to a focus at a point 30mm behind the lens. This is different from riflescopes where the diameter of the objective lens is specified and the focal length of that lens is rarely mentioned
Relative aperture is a term which describes the diameter of the lens relative to its focal length.
For a given focal length, a lower f number means a larger diameter lens, which will allow more thermal radiation to reach the sensor.
Typically, thermal imager lenses will have f numbers in the range 1.0 -1.4
A potential downside of a lens with a low f number is that it will have a shallow depth of field resulting in the focus having to be adjusted frequently as range changes.
Magnification x4.5-18 (x4 zoom)
This says that the base magnification, without using any zoom is x4.5 and that x2 and x4 digital zoom is available which will increase the total magnification to x9 (digital zoom x2) and x18 (digital zoom x4) respectively
The base magnification depends on 4 factors:
Focal length of the objective lens (A)
The diagonal size of the sensor (B)
The diagonal size of the near eye display (C)
The focal length of the ocular lens (D)
The magnification is equal to: (A/B) x (C/D)
This tells us some useful information:
Increasing the focal length of the objective lens will increase magnification
Making the sensor smaller will increase magnification
If the thermal imager is to be used as a riflescope and additional eye relief is needed, the focal length of the ocular lens will have to be increased, thus reducing magnification.
At base magnification, all of the sensor pixels are being used to create the image, but when digital zoom is used, the electronics ignores the signals from the pixels around the edge of the sensor effectively reducing the size of the sensor and thus increasing overall magnification.
Using digital zoom does indeed increase the magnification, but since fewer pixels are used to create the image and the image thus created is spread over the full size of the display, the sharpness of the image reduces accordingly.
Each doubling of digital zoom reduces the number of pixels used to create the image by a factor of 4
For example, a 320x240 sensor at digital zoomx2 is using only the central 160x120 sensor pixels and at digital zoom x4 only the central 80x60 pixels are being used.
Although digital zoom can prove useful, it is no substitute for higher base magnification.
Because of the cost of the multiple lens elements needed, there are, at present, no hunting thermals with optical zoom such as is common in riflescopes
Field of View (HxV), degrees/m@100m 7.3x5.5/12.8x9.6
This tells us that the angle of the horizontal (H) field of view is 7.3 degrees and that the angle of the vertical(V) field of view is 5.5 degrees.
It also tells us that, at a distance of 100m, those angles result in the imager seeing a horizontal distance of 12.8m and a vertical distance of 9.6m
The field of view is directly related to the focal length of the objective lens and the physical size of the sensor.
Shorter focal lengths result in wider fields of view, and larger sensors result in wider fields of view.
Magnification and field of view are closely related.
Increasing magnification reduces field of view and vice versa
The size of the sensor is simply the size of a pixel multiplied by the number of pixels.
So, a 17 micron 384x288 sensor physically measures 6.528 x 4,896mm, while a 17 micron 640x480 pixel sensor measures 10.88x 8.16mm
The field of view on a Pulsar XP50 (17 micron 640x480 sensor and 50mm lens) is more than on a Pulsar XQ50 (17 micron 384x288 sensor and 50mm lens) simply because the sensor in the XP50 is physically larger than in the XQ50
Detection range, m 1300
This says that the detection range is 1300m for a deer size target.
Note that the “deer size target” is only found in the manual for the device and the species of deer is not specified.
Other manufacturers may specify a human size target or vehicle size target and (hopefully) specify the size of the target on which the detection range calculation is based.
Detection range is often used to compare thermal performance, but the prospective buyer needs to be aware of the various factors which play into the number given by the manufacturer.
For a given thermal, the two factors which affect detection range are the focal length of the objective lens and the size of the sensor pixels.
For a given target size, longer focal lengths give longer detection ranges and smaller sensor pixels give longer detection ranges.
Note that the number of sensor pixels has no effect on detection range.
For example, a Pulsar XQ50 (17 micron 384x288 sensor with 50mm lens) has exactly the same detection range as a Pulsar XP50 (17 micron 640x480 sensor with 50mm lens) but the higher resolution sensor in the XP means it costs over £1000 more than the XQ50
Target size is critical to the calculation of detection range because smaller targets will have shorter detection ranges than larger targets
A thermal imager which claims a detection range of say, 2400m for a human size target (1.7m high x 0.5m wide) would have a detection range on a fox size target (0.5m high x 0.9m wide) of 1300m
It’s also important to understand what is meant by “detection” in relation to thermal imagers.
“Detection” is generally taken to mean there is a 50% probability of the observer noticing that something has caused two sensor pixels to “light up”.
It basically means the observer has a 50% chance of being able to say "there is something there" rather than "there is nothing there".
It does NOT mean that a fox can be seen and identified as a fox at a distance of 1300m
Recognition (what type of object is it e.g vehicle or human) requires more pixels to “light up” (typically 8 pixels) and recognition range is shorter than detection range
Identification (man v woman or type of car) requires even more pixels to “light up” (typically 12-13) and identification range is shorter than both detection range and recognition range
Since the numbers for recognition and identification range are smaller, they are not normally quoted in thermal imager specification because, as every sales and marketing person knows, bigger number sell more than smaller numbers
Display AMOLED 1024x768 pixels
AMOLED is the technology used to make the display. The other common technology is LCD (also known as FLCOS) AMOLED is generally regarded as better, but in practice, there’s not much in it.
Some manufacturers will also give the size of the display.
For example the display in the HIK Vision Vulkan 35mmPro is listed as being 9.9mm (diagonal size)1024x768 pixel AMOLED
1024x768 is the number of pixels in the display.
Higher numbers are better, but for thermal devices with their low resolution sensors, anything above 640x480 is OK
Other factors to consider (not in any particular order)
a. On board video recording – does it have it and do you need it.
If so, how much onboard memory is available and what format is the video recorded in.
If there is video, is there also audio
b. WiFi and an app to allow the image to be streamed directly to an external device such as a mobile phone or tablet – again, does it have it and do you need it .
Wifi lag usually makes watching a streamed image a fairly unpleasant experience, particularly when the imager is scanned around.
An analog video output is a much better way of remotely displaying the image, but is becoming increasingly rare
c. Hot tracking - a feature which puts some sort of mark on the display which continuously tracks the hottest spot on the screen
d. Colour palettes – how many and what colours.
Remember that “full colour” thermal displays are not real colours but simply a series of colours chosen to represent a range of temperatures. Human eyes are more sensitive to gradations in tone between black and white than they are to colour.
Most thermals can only reproduce 8 or 16 colours but they can reproduce 256 different levels of grey between pure black and pure white.
So, using black hot or white hot will always provide a more detailed image that any of the currently available colour palettes
e. Weight and size – how portable is it, can it be hung round your neck on a strap or stuck in a pocket
f. Power supply – internal battery, or removable battery.
Proprietary battery or readily available battery.
Can it be run or charged from an external powerbank.
Battery life - how long will it run for before it needs charging or the battery changed
g. Environmental protection – can it handle a soaking.
IP67 or IPX7 are good levels of protection.
Can it handle extreme temperatures (not normally an issue in the UK)
Thermals definitely produce better images in cool/cold conditions than in warm/hot conditions and better in dry conditions than in humid/wet conditions
h. Warranty – length and scope of warranty – would it be repaired locally or would it need to be returned to the place of manufacture
All relevant thoughts and comments are welcomed - muppets will be verbally abused
Cheers
Bruce"
"Thermal imagers - What do the numbers mean?
Post 25 Oct 2020, 22:10
WARNING - THIS IS LONG POST!!!!
This post will contain too much information for some and not enough for others.
If you feel there are aspects of thermal imagers not included here that prospective buyers should consider, then, by all means post your thoughts in this thread
THERMAL IMAGERS
WHAT DO ALL THE NUMBERS MEAN AND HOW DO I CHOOSE WHAT’S BEST FOR ME ?
Introduction
Thermal imagers are becoming increasingly popular as more models appear on the market and prices fall (too slowly!!).
By comparison with Night Vision (NV) equipment, thermal imagers are still very expensive, and unless the prospective buyer has some understanding of what the important technical parameters of a thermal imager are and what they mean, then a device can be purchased which is entirely unsuitable for the required task(s).
In this post I’ll concentrate on thermal imagers used for hunting/shooting/wildlife observation and describe them simply as “hunting” thermals
How a thermal imager works
In a digital camera or digital NV device, a lens focuses light onto a sensor which converts the light to an electrical signal which, after suitable processing drives a display (essentially a very small TV screen) which has another lens in front of it to magnify the image from the display up to a size which is comfortable for viewing with our eyes.
A thermal imager works in exactly the same way but, rather than light, it’s heat (thermal radiation) which is converted into an electrical signal by the sensor
The main parts of a thermal imager
The following parts are common to all hunting thermal imagers.
a. Objective lens – This is the lens at the front of the imager and focuses thermal radiation onto the sensor.
Glass used in lenses for cameras, NV equipment etc does NOT pass the thermal radiation we are looking for.
Instead, lenses are normally made from germanium.
Germanium is very expensive in its raw state and the processes needed to make it into a lens are also expensive.
The objective lens is often the single most expensive component in a thermal imager and is a major reason why thermal imagers are so much more expensive than NV devices which can use glass lenses and why thermals with larger lenses are significantly more expensive than models which are identical except that they have smaller lenses
b. Thermal sensor – this is the electronic device which converts the incoming thermal radiation into electrical signals.
It operates on entirely different principles from the sensors used in digital cameras and digital NV equipment, but in simple terms a thermal sensor is a large number of very small thermometers formed into an array.
The technical name for the sensor is a “microbolometer” and since the sensor is working at ambient temperature, it is often more correctly called an “uncooled microbolometer”
Those very small thermometers are usually called pixels and it’s the size of each pixel and the number of pixels which are frequently quoted in thermal imager specifications.
Compared to the visible light sensors used in digital cameras and digital NV equipment, thermal sensors have much larger pixels, many fewer pixels, and are much more expensive.
Their price, along with the cost of the objective lens is what makes thermal imagers so much more expensive than digital NV equipment
c. Electronics – the electronics control the sensor, processes the signals it produces and provides a signal to drive the display.
The processing electronics is where different reticle styles are created and added to the signal that goes to the display.
Different manufacturers have different types of signal processing and can make claims that their signal processing produces a better final image than others
d. Display – Often called a “near eye display”, this is essentially a miniature TV screen which displays what the sensor “sees” plus information added by the electronics.
The display is made up of individual picture elements known as pixels.
The number of pixels in the display is often quoted in a thermal imager specification.
e. Ocular lens assembly – this is the lens or lenses used to magnify the image on the near eye display up to a size which is comfortable for viewing with our eyes.
This assembly usually incorporates dioptre adjustment to allow people with different eyesight to get a focussed image of the display
Now that we have some understanding of how a thermal imager works and its main parts, let’s look at some of the terminology frequently seen in the technical specification produced by thermal manufacturers.
Most of the terms in bold italic below have been taken from the Pulsar XM30S specification
Sensor 320x240 pix @12µm
This says that the thermal sensor is an array of 320 pixels in the horizontal direction and 240 pixels in the vertical direction making 76800 pixels in total and that each pixel is a square with sides of length 12 micron (0.012mm)
The sensor is sometimes referred to as a “focal plane array” since it is positioned close to the focal plane of the objective lens.
At the present time, 12 micron and 17 micron are the two pixel sizes commonly found in hunting thermal sensors.
12 micron is the most recent introduction and will become the standard size in the next 2-3 years.
At present, 17 micron sensors are more common, better developed, and can still provide higher sensitivity and potentially more detailed images.
12 micron sensors allow the use of smaller, cheaper lenses to get the same magnification and field of view as that produced by 17 micron sensors using larger, more expensive lenses or, conversely can provide more magnification when used with the same size lens as a 17 micron sensor with the same number of pixels
At present, sensors useful for our purposes come in the following common pixel counts – sometimes referred to (incorrectly) as resolutions: 320x240, 384x288, 640x480 and 640x512. Combining that with the 2 common pixels sizes of 12 and 17 microns means there are several combinations of pixel size and resolution possible.
At present, the three most common combinations are 17 micron 384x288, 17 micron 640x480 and 12 micron 320x240. 12 micron 640x512 is starting to appear in the UK and the arrival of 12 micron 640x480 is imminent
Lower resolutions such as 160x120 or 80x60 are generally a poor choice for hunting thermals
Other relevant sensor parameters:
Sensor material – This will be amorphous silicon (sometimes called alpha Si) or Vanadium Oxide (VOx), but in performance terms there is little noticeable difference
Frame Rate – typically 50Hz – this is a measure of how often an image is produced by the sensor.
Anything over 25Hz will give a smooth video image and higher rates will reduce blurring as the imager is scanned across a scene.
Some cheap thermal imagers and some imported from the USA have their frame rates limited to 9Hz.
These produce an acceptable image when stationary, but blur badly whenever the thermal is moved.
NETD – this stands for Nett Equivalent Temperature Difference and is basically a measurement of sensitivity.
Lower numbers mean the imager can detect smaller differences in temperature and, in theory, produce more detailed images of a target.
The numbers are normally given in mK (milliKelvin) where one mK is 0.001 degree centigrade.
Typical values are in the range 35-50mK with lower being better, but the overall sensitivity of a thermal is actually the NETD value multiplied by the f number of the lens
So, a 35mK sensor with an f1.2 lens will have an overall NETD of 42mK, while a 40mK sensor with an f1.0 lens will have an overall NETD of 40mK. NETD is not something to get worked up about!
Non Uniformity correction (NUC) –This is thermal imagings dirty secret so is rarely mentioned in manufacturer technical specifications
Every thermal sensor suffers from non uniformity.
By this we mean that if 2 or more pixels are exposed to the same amount of thermal radiation they will not produce the same electrical signal. Every thermal has to deal with this problem and there are two common solutions.
The first is called “calibration” and is used by Pulsar and several other manufacturers.
In this method a thin metal shutter moves across the front of the sensor, blocking thermal radiation and presenting the sensor with a uniform source of heat.
While the sensor is blocked, the electronics adjusts the signal from each pixel to make them all the same.
This process produces an audible “click” as the shutter moves in front of the sensor and takes a couple of seconds.
While it is happening the image on the display is frozen.
Thermals which use the calibration method of NUC normally provide the user with the option to set the calibration to automatic (where the electronics decides when to calibrate), semi- automatic where the user decides when to calibrate and initiates the process by pressing a button, and manual where, in addition to the shutter moving in front of the sensor, the lens covers is manually closed and then the semi automatic button is pressed.
In the time between calibrations, non uniformity increases and the image slowly degrades.
The time between calibrations is affected by things like ambient temperature, and the range of temperatures seen by the sensor.
Bigger temperature changes and more frequent temperature changes result in more frequent calibration
The other method for dealing with NUC is known as “shutterless” and, as the name suggests, there is no moving shutter and no freezing of the image.
Shutterless NUC is firmware based and happens continuously.
A fair comparison of the two methods would be that, immediately after calibration, the image is better than shutterless, but as the image degrades, the shutterless image becomes the better of the two
Objective lens F30/1.2
This says that the objective lens has a focal length of 30mm and a relative aperture of f1.2
This means the lens will bring the thermal radiation entering the lens to a focus at a point 30mm behind the lens. This is different from riflescopes where the diameter of the objective lens is specified and the focal length of that lens is rarely mentioned
Relative aperture is a term which describes the diameter of the lens relative to its focal length.
For a given focal length, a lower f number means a larger diameter lens, which will allow more thermal radiation to reach the sensor.
Typically, thermal imager lenses will have f numbers in the range 1.0 -1.4
A potential downside of a lens with a low f number is that it will have a shallow depth of field resulting in the focus having to be adjusted frequently as range changes.
Magnification x4.5-18 (x4 zoom)
This says that the base magnification, without using any zoom is x4.5 and that x2 and x4 digital zoom is available which will increase the total magnification to x9 (digital zoom x2) and x18 (digital zoom x4) respectively
The base magnification depends on 4 factors:
Focal length of the objective lens (A)
The diagonal size of the sensor (B)
The diagonal size of the near eye display (C)
The focal length of the ocular lens (D)
The magnification is equal to: (A/B) x (C/D)
This tells us some useful information:
Increasing the focal length of the objective lens will increase magnification
Making the sensor smaller will increase magnification
If the thermal imager is to be used as a riflescope and additional eye relief is needed, the focal length of the ocular lens will have to be increased, thus reducing magnification.
At base magnification, all of the sensor pixels are being used to create the image, but when digital zoom is used, the electronics ignores the signals from the pixels around the edge of the sensor effectively reducing the size of the sensor and thus increasing overall magnification.
Using digital zoom does indeed increase the magnification, but since fewer pixels are used to create the image and the image thus created is spread over the full size of the display, the sharpness of the image reduces accordingly.
Each doubling of digital zoom reduces the number of pixels used to create the image by a factor of 4
For example, a 320x240 sensor at digital zoomx2 is using only the central 160x120 sensor pixels and at digital zoom x4 only the central 80x60 pixels are being used.
Although digital zoom can prove useful, it is no substitute for higher base magnification.
Because of the cost of the multiple lens elements needed, there are, at present, no hunting thermals with optical zoom such as is common in riflescopes
Field of View (HxV), degrees/m@100m 7.3x5.5/12.8x9.6
This tells us that the angle of the horizontal (H) field of view is 7.3 degrees and that the angle of the vertical(V) field of view is 5.5 degrees.
It also tells us that, at a distance of 100m, those angles result in the imager seeing a horizontal distance of 12.8m and a vertical distance of 9.6m
The field of view is directly related to the focal length of the objective lens and the physical size of the sensor.
Shorter focal lengths result in wider fields of view, and larger sensors result in wider fields of view.
Magnification and field of view are closely related.
Increasing magnification reduces field of view and vice versa
The size of the sensor is simply the size of a pixel multiplied by the number of pixels.
So, a 17 micron 384x288 sensor physically measures 6.528 x 4,896mm, while a 17 micron 640x480 pixel sensor measures 10.88x 8.16mm
The field of view on a Pulsar XP50 (17 micron 640x480 sensor and 50mm lens) is more than on a Pulsar XQ50 (17 micron 384x288 sensor and 50mm lens) simply because the sensor in the XP50 is physically larger than in the XQ50
Detection range, m 1300
This says that the detection range is 1300m for a deer size target.
Note that the “deer size target” is only found in the manual for the device and the species of deer is not specified.
Other manufacturers may specify a human size target or vehicle size target and (hopefully) specify the size of the target on which the detection range calculation is based.
Detection range is often used to compare thermal performance, but the prospective buyer needs to be aware of the various factors which play into the number given by the manufacturer.
For a given thermal, the two factors which affect detection range are the focal length of the objective lens and the size of the sensor pixels.
For a given target size, longer focal lengths give longer detection ranges and smaller sensor pixels give longer detection ranges.
Note that the number of sensor pixels has no effect on detection range.
For example, a Pulsar XQ50 (17 micron 384x288 sensor with 50mm lens) has exactly the same detection range as a Pulsar XP50 (17 micron 640x480 sensor with 50mm lens) but the higher resolution sensor in the XP means it costs over £1000 more than the XQ50
Target size is critical to the calculation of detection range because smaller targets will have shorter detection ranges than larger targets
A thermal imager which claims a detection range of say, 2400m for a human size target (1.7m high x 0.5m wide) would have a detection range on a fox size target (0.5m high x 0.9m wide) of 1300m
It’s also important to understand what is meant by “detection” in relation to thermal imagers.
“Detection” is generally taken to mean there is a 50% probability of the observer noticing that something has caused two sensor pixels to “light up”.
It basically means the observer has a 50% chance of being able to say "there is something there" rather than "there is nothing there".
It does NOT mean that a fox can be seen and identified as a fox at a distance of 1300m
Recognition (what type of object is it e.g vehicle or human) requires more pixels to “light up” (typically 8 pixels) and recognition range is shorter than detection range
Identification (man v woman or type of car) requires even more pixels to “light up” (typically 12-13) and identification range is shorter than both detection range and recognition range
Since the numbers for recognition and identification range are smaller, they are not normally quoted in thermal imager specification because, as every sales and marketing person knows, bigger number sell more than smaller numbers
Display AMOLED 1024x768 pixels
AMOLED is the technology used to make the display. The other common technology is LCD (also known as FLCOS) AMOLED is generally regarded as better, but in practice, there’s not much in it.
Some manufacturers will also give the size of the display.
For example the display in the HIK Vision Vulkan 35mmPro is listed as being 9.9mm (diagonal size)1024x768 pixel AMOLED
1024x768 is the number of pixels in the display.
Higher numbers are better, but for thermal devices with their low resolution sensors, anything above 640x480 is OK
Other factors to consider (not in any particular order)
a. On board video recording – does it have it and do you need it.
If so, how much onboard memory is available and what format is the video recorded in.
If there is video, is there also audio
b. WiFi and an app to allow the image to be streamed directly to an external device such as a mobile phone or tablet – again, does it have it and do you need it .
Wifi lag usually makes watching a streamed image a fairly unpleasant experience, particularly when the imager is scanned around.
An analog video output is a much better way of remotely displaying the image, but is becoming increasingly rare
c. Hot tracking - a feature which puts some sort of mark on the display which continuously tracks the hottest spot on the screen
d. Colour palettes – how many and what colours.
Remember that “full colour” thermal displays are not real colours but simply a series of colours chosen to represent a range of temperatures. Human eyes are more sensitive to gradations in tone between black and white than they are to colour.
Most thermals can only reproduce 8 or 16 colours but they can reproduce 256 different levels of grey between pure black and pure white.
So, using black hot or white hot will always provide a more detailed image that any of the currently available colour palettes
e. Weight and size – how portable is it, can it be hung round your neck on a strap or stuck in a pocket
f. Power supply – internal battery, or removable battery.
Proprietary battery or readily available battery.
Can it be run or charged from an external powerbank.
Battery life - how long will it run for before it needs charging or the battery changed
g. Environmental protection – can it handle a soaking.
IP67 or IPX7 are good levels of protection.
Can it handle extreme temperatures (not normally an issue in the UK)
Thermals definitely produce better images in cool/cold conditions than in warm/hot conditions and better in dry conditions than in humid/wet conditions
h. Warranty – length and scope of warranty – would it be repaired locally or would it need to be returned to the place of manufacture
All relevant thoughts and comments are welcomed - muppets will be verbally abused
Cheers
Bruce"
/// YoYo
- redtop
- Inlägg: 2076
- Blev medlem: 02 mar 2016, 09:37
- Ort: Södra Roslagen
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Jag har jobbat med konstruktion och produktion av värmekameror i nästan 20 år så jag har hyfsad koll på hur det funkar, och det här är en bra sammanfattning för den som orkar ta till sig den.
-
Sjöfaran
- Inlägg: 60
- Blev medlem: 27 jun 2016, 15:28
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
YoYo skrev: ↑22 mar 2021, 11:23 Saxat denna info från ett forum i England. Det Bruce inte vet om ir, termiskt och tillbehör därtill är inte värt att veta. Han och hans vapendragare gör även en hel del tester och jämförelser. De är helt oberoende och säljer inte NV grejer själva.
Väldigt intressant information.
Var hittar man denna Bruce om man vill följa eller läsa på mera?
- YoYo
- Inlägg: 425
- Blev medlem: 03 maj 2015, 21:07
- Ort: Västkusten
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Sjöfaran skrev: ↑22 mar 2021, 13:13YoYo skrev: ↑22 mar 2021, 11:23 Saxat denna info från ett forum i England. Det Bruce inte vet om ir, termiskt och tillbehör därtill är inte värt att veta. Han och hans vapendragare gör även en hel del tester och jämförelser. De är helt oberoende och säljer inte NV grejer själva.
Väldigt intressant information.
Var hittar man denna Bruce om man vill följa eller läsa på mera?![]()
Här:
https://www.nightvisionforumuk.com
Det har jagats länge med NV i UK. De har inga grisar dock, det är räv och kaniner som gäller där. De prioriterar tex, inte låg lägsta förstoring på sikten så ha det i åtanke när de recenserar/tipsar.
/// YoYo
-
Sjöfaran
- Inlägg: 60
- Blev medlem: 27 jun 2016, 15:28
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
YoYo skrev: ↑22 mar 2021, 15:52Sjöfaran skrev: ↑22 mar 2021, 13:13YoYo skrev: ↑22 mar 2021, 11:23 Saxat denna info från ett forum i England. Det Bruce inte vet om ir, termiskt och tillbehör därtill är inte värt att veta. Han och hans vapendragare gör även en hel del tester och jämförelser. De är helt oberoende och säljer inte NV grejer själva.
Väldigt intressant information.
Var hittar man denna Bruce om man vill följa eller läsa på mera?![]()
Här:
https://www.nightvisionforumuk.com
Det har jagats länge med NV i UK. De har inga grisar dock, det är räv och kaniner som gäller där. De prioriterar tex, inte låg lägsta förstoring på sikten så ha det i åtanke när de recenserar/tipsar.
Kano, tack så mycket
-
pezon
- Inlägg: 538
- Blev medlem: 29 aug 2018, 23:09
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Någon som har testat FLIR Scion otm 236?
https://www.flir.com/products/scion-otm/
Får en massa "SPAM" med reklam för såna till hyfsade priser... någon som har testat?
https://www.flir.com/products/scion-otm/
Får en massa "SPAM" med reklam för såna till hyfsade priser... någon som har testat?
-
paramedic77
- Inlägg: 3012
- Blev medlem: 19 okt 2011, 01:28
- Ort: Kristianstad
Re: Handhållen värmekikare
Om man tittar på specen så känns 3000 euro som fullständigt hutlösa pengar.
Tikka T3X CTR 308w, Athlon Ares ETR 1-10x24 UHD, Pulsar Thermion 2 XP50
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100
Win 70 222R Bushnell Legend 3-9x50 samt Triton No 4
Remington 1100




